Connecting your generator to the grid

Power companies require that you disconnect your generator from the grid whenever grid power is lost or goes out of spec. (This is different from the function of a generator 'transfer' switch.)
The Beckwith M-3410 Intertie/Generator Protection Relay is 'approved' to perform this function.

This is basically a computer in a box that monitors voltage, frequency & currents and opens or closes contacts when anything goes outside of programmable limits. You will need an additional contactor (relay) to carry the main current between your generator and the grid. The 3410 will control the 'coil' of this relay.

The M-3410 can also display and track voltages, currents, kWhrs and much more information on a connected computer.

You will also need a little more circuitry for a system with added features, like possible off grid operation or high voltage transmission (480V) for longer distances to the power house.

Connecting to the Utility Grid

Net Meter Micro Hydro – The Road to Energy Independence

By Robert Honders, Honderosa Valley Consulting

Net metering is the single most effective policy government can implement to promote renewable energy derived from all sources. Why exclude waterpower? If net metering were extended to all small scale (under 25KW) hydro sites, we would see renewed interest in the restoration of thousands of micro hydro sites that have been abandoned during the times of cheap oil. Many of these sites could be made productive again with lower investments because the infrastructure (dam, penstock, water supply) may still be intact. There is no valid reason to treat one renewable energy source any differently than another. We need them all to pave the road to energy independence.

The advantages of a grid connection include energy storage and vastly simplified control of frequency & voltage. Essentially the site runs wide open and just pushes energy into the grid at the grid voltage and frequency. It is analogous to you helping a freight train by pushing on the back of it. You won't be able to change its speed at all, even if your efforts are doubled, or stopped altogether. In other words, your energy input can fluctuate, but the train stabilizes everything just as the grid stabilizes relatively small energy inputs.

The simplest way to get grid-connected and reap these stabilizing benefits is through net metering. Net metering is accomplished using a single-bidirectional meter, which is already in place on all grid-connected homes. But beware! The newer electronic meters are programmed by the utility company to ignore the direction of the energy flow. Thus you can end up paying for the energy that you send to the grid! The power company prevents small energy producers from sharing the energy they generate with their neighbors and turning their own meter backward without permission.         (Older spinning disk meters were not programmable in this way. The worst they could do to you is stand still while you were supplying power, and spin forward as you used power.)

To get grid connected with your hydro powered induction generator (cheapest, robust and most common) you’ll need to use an ‘inter-tie protection relay’ like the Beckwith M-3410. The relay monitors the grid / utility (not your generator) for any type of anomaly, like ‘grid down’, voltage or frequency too low / high etc. If any grid anomaly occurs the relay disconnects your micro hydro output from the grid for their protection. After grid power is restored the relay monitors the grid and if the grid has been normal for 5 minutes it will re-connect your micro hydro. You will need to wire an auxiliary contactor to hang a dump load (space heater will do) on your induction generator while it is disconnected from the grid to prevent your output voltage from rising too high.  Below you’ll find the diagram for a system like this. Double click to enlarge.

Once your utility has inspected and tested your grid inter-tie for proper operation, AND if your state law has hydro power included in the net metering law, then you can ask your utility company to re-program your meter so you can share your excess power with your neighbors and run your meter backwards. Net metering makes it possible to ‘store’ your excess energy in the grid instead of in batteries, and returns energy to you when you need it, perhaps during a dry August, and at the same price.                          

So let’s have NET METERING FOR ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY be the law of the land!

Net Metering, Why not Hydro?

I want to clarify the 'net metering' issue a little. I think that net metering is the most effective policy the government can implement to promote renewable energy derived from other sources besides solar & wind. If net metering were extended to all small scale (under 25KW) hydro sites, we would see a resurgence and interest in restoring thousands of small hydro sites that have been abandoned during the times of cheap oil. Many of these sites could be made productive again with lower investments because the infrastructure (dam, penstock, water supply) may still be intact. There is no valid reason to treat one renewable source any differently than another.

The advantages of a grid connection include vastly simplified control of frequency and voltage. Essentially the site runs wide open without any control and just pushes energy into the grid at the grid voltage and frequency. It is like you helping a freight train by pushing on the back of it. But you won't be able to change its speed at all, even if your efforts are doubled or stopped altogether, in other words, your energy input can fluctuate, but the train stabilizes everything just as the grid does for relatively small energy inputs.

The simplest way to get grid connected and reap these stabilizing benefits is through net metering.

Net metering is accomplished using a single-bidirectional meter, which is already in place on all grid connected homes. The newer electronic meters can be programmed to ignore the direction of the energy flow. Thus you can end up paying for the energy that you send to the grid! That way the power company keeps people from generating energy and turning their meter backward without their permission. ( Remember too, the days when Bell Telephone owned the phone lines and even the phones, and you could not connect your own! They made a ton of money charging a monthly equipment lease fee. So things will change in time with the power grid too.) The power company has to set (program) your meter to distinguish between energy coming or going.

I found this out the hard way when I first fired up our small (12KW) generator, synchronized it to the utility power line (grid), connected through a circuit breaker, opened up the butterfly valve controlling the power output and started really pushing that train. Then I sauntered out to the (electronic) meter on the pole and lo and behold the reading was increasing at a rapid rate! I could not believe that I was being charged for the power that I sent to them.

So now what can I do? Yes, I can get grid connected but only through an expensive switch which they have to approve. ( Remember Bell Telephones "approved communications interface"? ) And until I satisfy these interface switch gear requirements they won't reprogram my meter. They claim safety issues, (as Bell Telephone did up to the late '70's) But this is a red herring. If the grid goes down, (the train stops) there is no way that my 25KW is going to keep pushing that train ahead, and if it tries, any ordinary circuit breaker will disconnect me from the grid. The net metering of solar and wind energy requires little in the way of special disconnects either so why should renewable water power be any different?

So join me and lets have NET METERING FOR ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY be the law of the land! And while we are at it we should demand a favorable feed-in tariff for all renewables as well. More on that later.